Fiabilidá humana

Fiabilidá humana
factor contribuyente (es)
fiabilidad de sistemas (es)

Ye una disciplina que forma parte del campu de la fiabilidá de sistemes, na midida na que l'home puede ser consideráu como parte integrante d'un sistema.

Considérase que'l componente humanu ye d'una complexidá enforma mayor que cualesquier otru componente y, poro, les téuniques aplicables al estudiu de la fiabilidá humana o, complementariamente, del error humanu son específicos ya integren aspeutos psicolóxicos y organizacionales a les habituales téuniques matemátiques.

Téuniques d'analises de la fiabilidá humana

Esisten una variedá de métodos pal analís de la fiabilidá humana (HRA - human reliability analysis), principalmente estremaos en dos categoríes: los basaos nel analís probabilístico de riesgos y la teoría del control cognitivu.

Téuniques basaes n'analises probabilístico de riesgos

Una forma d'analizar la fiabilidá humana ye como estensión direuta del analís probabilístico de riesgos (n'inglés, probabilistic risk assessment -PRA-): de la mesma forma que les máquines pueden fallar nuna planta industrial, una persona cometer errores. En dambos casos l'analís por descomposición funcional apurre un ciertu nivel de detalle col qu'asignar probabilidaes d'escurrimientu del error. Esta idea básica ta detrás de la téunica THERP (Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction), que pretende calcular probabilidaes d'error humanu incorporables a un analís PRA. Una forma simplificada de THERP ye la téunica ASEP (Accident Sequence Evaluation Program), que foi implementada como ferramienta informático: Simplified Human Error Analysis Code (SHEAN). Más apocayá More recently, la US Nuclear Regulatory Commission publicó'l métodu d'analís SPAR (Standardized Plant Analysis Risk).

Téuniques basaes nel control cognitivu

Erik Hollnagel desenvolvió esta llinia de trabayu, que denomina Contextual Control Model (COCOM), y desenvolvió el métodu CREAM (Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method). COCOM modela'l comportamientu humanu como un conxuntu de maneres de control y propón un modelu de cómo asoceden les transiciones ente les distintes maneres de control.

Error humanu

L'error humanu foi citáu como causante o factor contributivu en desastres y accidentes n'industries diverses como enerxía nuclear, aviación, esploración espacial y medicina.

Categoríes d'error humanu

Hai diverses maneres de categorización del error humanu:

• Exóxenu / endóxenu
• Valoración de la situación / respuesta planiada
• Por nivel d'analís; por casu: perceptivu / cognitivu / comunicativu / organizativo.

Sistema d'Analís y Clasificación de Factores Humanos

El 'Sistema d'Analís y Clasificación de Factores Humanos' (n'inglés Human Factors Analysis and Classification System -HFACS-) foi desenvueltu primeramente como marcu de trabayu pa la comprensión del error humanu como causa d'accidentes d'aviación. Ta basáu los estudios de James Reason's sobre error humanu en sistemes complexos. HFACS estrema ente "fallos activos" n'aiciones insegures, "fallos latentes", supervisión insegura ya influencies de la organización.

Discutiniu

Dellos investigadores argumentaron que la catalogación de les aiciones humanes en términos de "correutu" o "incorreutu" ye una simplificación escesivo y perxudicial pal analís d'un fenómenu complexu. En llugar d'eso, defenden que sería más granible enfocar la cuestión dende'l puntu de vista de la variabilidá del comportamientu humanu.

Ver tamién

• Error humanu
• HEART
• THERP
• SLIM
• SHARP
• SHERPA

Referencies

• Gertman, D. L. and Blackman, H. S. (2001). Human reliability and safety analysis data handbook. Wiley.
• Gertman, D., Blackman, H., Marble, J., Byers, J. and Smith, C. (2005). The SPAR-H human reliability analysis method. NUREG/CR-6883. Idaho National Laboratory, prepared for O. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.[1]
• Hollnagel, Y. (1993). Human reliability analysis: Context and control. Academic Press.
• Hollnagel, Y. (1998). Cognitive reliability and error analysis method: CREAM. Elsevier.
• Hollnagel, Y. and Amalberti, R. (2001). The Emperor’s New Clothes, or whatever happened to “human error”? Invited keynote presentation at 4th International Workshop on Human Error, Safety and System Development.. Linköping, June 11-12, 2001.
• Hollnagel, Y., Woods, D. D., and Leveson, N. (Eds.) (2006). Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts. Ashgate.
• Jones, P. M. (1999). Human error and its amelioration. In Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management (A. P. Sage and W. B. Rouse, eds.), 687-702. Wiley.
• Kirwan, B. (1994). A Guide to Practical Human Reliability Assessment. Taylor & Francis.
• Kirwan, B. and Ainsworth, L. (Eds.) (1992). A guide to task analysis. Taylor & Francis.
• Norman, D. (1988). The psychology of everyday things. Basic Books.
• Reason, J. (1990). Human error. Cambridge University Press.
• Roth, Y. et al. (1994). An empirical investigation of operator performance in cognitive demanding simulated emergencies. NUREG/CR-6208, Westinghouse Science and Technology Center. Report prepared for Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
• Sage, A. P. (1992). Systems engineering. Wiley.
• Senders, J. and Moray, N. (1991). Human error: Cause, prediction, and reduction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Shappell, S. & Wiegmann, D. (2000). The human factors analysis and classification system - HFACS. DOT/FAA/AM-00/7, Office of Aviation Medicine, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation..[2]
• Swain, A. D., & Guttman, H. Y. (1983). Handbook of human reliability analysis with emphasis on nuclear power plant applications.. NUREG/CR-1278 (Washington D.C.).
• Wallace, B. and Ross, A. (2006). Beyond human error. CRC Press.
• Wiegmann, D. & Shappell, S. (2003). A human error approach to aviation accident analysis: The human factors analysis and classification system.. Ashgate.
• Wilson, J.R. (1993). SHEAN (Simplified Human Error Analysis code) and automated THERP. United States Department of Energy Technical Report Number WINCO--11908. [3]
• Woods, D. D. (1990). Modeling and predicting human error. In J. Elkind, S. Card, J. Hochberg, and B. Huey (Eds.), Human performance models for computer-aided engineering (248-274). Academic Press.

Saber más

• Autrey, T.D. (2007). editorial=Practicing Perfection Institute Mistake-Proofing Six Sigma: How to Minimize Project Scope and Reduce Human Error.
• Davies, J.B., Ross, A., Wallace, B. and Wright, L. (2003). Safety Management: a Qualitative Systems Approach. Taylor and Francis.
• Dekker, S.W.A., (2005). Ten Questions About Human Error: a new view of human factors and systems safety]. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Dekker, S.W.A., (2006). The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error. Ashgate.
• Dekker, S.W.A., (2007). Just Culture: Balancing Safety and Accountability. Ashgate.
• Dismukes, R. K., Berman, B. A., and Loukopoulos, L. D. (2007). The limits of expertise: Rethinking pilot error and the causes of airline accidents. Ashgate.
• Forester, J., Kolaczkowski, A., Lois, Y., and Kelly, D. (2006). Evaluation of human reliability analysis methods against good practices. NUREG-1842 Final Report. O. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. [4]
• Goodstein, L. P., Andersen, H. B., and Olsen, S. Y. (Eds.) (1988). Tasks, errors, and mental models. Taylor and Francis.
• Grabowski, M. and Roberts, K. H. (1996). Plantía:Doi-inline, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Volume 26, Non. 1, January 1996, 2-16.
• Greenbaum, J. and Kyng, M. (Eds.) (1991). Design at work: Cooperative design of computer systems. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Harrison, M. (2004). Human error analysis and reliability assessment. Workshop on Human Computer Interaction and Dependability, 46th IFIP Working Group 10.4 Meeting, Siena, Italy, July 3-7, 2004. [5]
• Hollnagel, Y. (1991). The phenotype of erroneous actions: Implications for HCI design. In G. W. R. Weir and J. L. Alty (Eds.), Human-computer interaction and complex systems.. Academic Press.
• Hutchins, Y. (1995). Cognition in the wild. MIT Press.
• Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. and Tversky, A. (Eds.) (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press.
• Leveson, N. (1995). Safeware: System safety and computers. Addison-Wesley.
• Morgan, G. (1986). Images of organization. Sage.
• Mura, S. S. (1983). Licensing violations: Legitimate violations of Grice's conversational principle. In R. Craig and K. Tracy (Eds.), Conversational coherence: Form, structure, and strategy (101-115). Sage.
• Perrow, C. (1984). Normal accidents: Living with high-risk technologies. Basic Books.
• Rasmussen, J. (1983). Skills, rules, and knowledge: Signals, signs, and symbols and other distinctions in human performance models. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-13, 257-267.
• Rasmussen, J. (1986). Information processing and human-machine interaction: An approach to cognitive engineering. Wiley.
• Silverman, B. (1992). Critiquing human error: A knowledge-based human-computer collaboration approach. Academic Press.
• Swets, J. (1996). Signal detection theory and ROC analysis in psychology and diagnostics: Collected papers. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
• Vaughan, D. (1996). The Challenger launch decision: Risky technology, culture, and deviance at NASA. University of Chicago Press.
• Wallace, B. and Ross, A. (2006). Beyond human error. CRC Press.
• Woods, D. D., Johannesen, L., Cook, R., and Sarter, N. (1994). Behind human error: Cognitive systems, computers, and hindsight. CSERIAC SOAR Report 94-01. Crew Systems Ergonomics Information Analysis Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

Enllaces esternos

Documentos d'estandarización y guíes

• IEEE Standard 1082 (1997): IEEE Guide for Incorporating Human Action Reliability Analysis for Nuclear Power Generating Stations

Ferramientes

• Eurocontrol Human Error Tools
• EPRI HRA Calculator

Centros d'investigación

• Erik Hollnagel nel Crisis and Risk Research Centre en MINES ParisTech
• Human Reliability Analysis nos US Sandia National Laboratories
• Center for Human Reliability Studies nel US Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Flight Cognition Laboratory nel NASA Ames Research Center
• David Woods nel Cognitive Systems Engineering Laboratory na Ohio State University
• Sidney Dekker's Leonardo da Vinci Laboratory for Complexity and Systems Thinking, Lund University, Sweden
• ESM, Safety and Human Factors Investigation Institute

Reportaxes

• “Human Reliability. We break down just like machines“ Industrial Engineer - November 2004, 36(11): 66

• Datos: Q186289