Glottolog
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Glottolog ye una base de datos bibliográfica de les llingües menos conocíes del mundu, desenvuelta y alministrada primero nel Institutu Max Planck d'Antropoloxía Evolutiva en Leipzig, Alemaña, y dende 2015 nel Institutu Max Planck de Ciencia de la Historia Humana en Jena, Alemaña.
Glottolog apurre una llista de les llingües, families de llingües y bibliografíes de los idiomes menos falaos del mundu. Difier del catálogu similar Ethnologue en dellos aspeutos: Busca namái aceptar llingües qué'l editores pudieren confirmar qu'esisten y sían distintes d'otres más conocíes (variedaes qué nun fueren confirmaes, pero provienen de dalguna otra fonte, son catalogaes como "espurio" o "non atestiguáu"); intenta namái clasificar families de llingües les cuálos fueron demostráu que son válides; apúrrese información bibliográfica, especialmente pa llingües pocu conocíes; y, hasta ciertu puntu, los nomes alternativos tán llistaos según les fontes qué los utilicen.[1] Los nomes de les llingües utilizaes nes entraes bibliográfiques tán identificaos pol códigu ISO 639-3 o'l códigu propiu de Glottolog (Glottocode); sacante una sola localización nun mapa nel so respeutivu centru xeográficu, nenguna información etnográfica o demográfica ye apurrida. Los enllaces esternos dirixen a ISO, Ethnologue y otres bases de datos de llingües dixitales.
Edición 2.2 publicada on-line en 2013 y so llicencia de Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Unported License. Edición 2.4 publicada en 2015 y edición 3.0 en 2017.
Families de llingües[editar | editar la fonte]
Glottolog ye más conservador na so clasificación qu'otres bases de datos dixitales al establecer conexones ente llingües y grupos dientro de families pero más lliberales al considerar llingües ensin clasificar como aisllaes. La edición 2.4 enlista 425 families de llingües orales, incluyendo aisllaes, y 75 families de llingües de señes y aisllaes, hasta agora.
La llista ta n'inglés, calteniendo la información ensin modificar que se presenta na base de datos.
| Nome !Rexón[2] | Llingües | |
|---|---|---|
| Africa,
North America |
1432 | |
| Austronesian | Africa, Eurasia, Oceania, South America | 1276 |
| Indo-European | Africa, Australia, Eurasia, North America, Oceania, South America | 585 |
| Sinón-Tibetan | Eurasia | 472 |
| Afro-Asiatic | Africa, Eurasia | 372 |
| Oceania | 315 | |
| Pama-Nyungan | Australia, Oceania | 240 |
| Otomanguean | North America | 178 |
| Austroasiatic | Eurasia | 164 |
| Tai-Kadai | Eurasia | 96 |
| Dravidian | Eurasia | 81 |
| Arawakan | North America, South America | 76 |
| Africa | 74 | |
| Tupian | South America | 71 |
| Uto-Aztecan | North America | 68 |
| Central Sudanic | Africa | 62 |
| Nuclear Torricelli | Oceania | 55 |
| Nilotic | Africa | 51 |
| Algic | North America | 45 |
| Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit | North America | 45 |
| Quechuan | South America | 45 |
| Cariban | South America | 44 |
| Turkic | Eurasia | 44 |
| Uralic | Eurasia | 44 |
| Hmong-Mien | Eurasia | 39 |
| Panoan | South America | 38 |
| Sepik | Oceania | 36 |
| Mayan | North America | 33 |
| Nuclear-Macro-Je | South America | 31 |
| Lower Sepik-Ramu | Oceania | 30 |
| Nakh-Daghestanian | Eurasia | 30 |
| Chibchan | North America, South America | 27 |
| Tucanoan | South America | 26 |
| Salishan | North America | 25 |
| Timor-Alor-Pantar | Oceania | 22 |
| Lakes Plain | Oceania | 20 |
| Dogon | Africa | 19 |
| Mixe-Zoque | North America | 19 |
| Ta-Ne-Omotic | Africa | 19 |
| Siouan | North America | 18 |
| Morehead-Wasur | Oceania | 17 |
| Mongolic | Eurasia | 16 |
| Border | Oceania | 15 |
| North Halmahera | Oceania | 15 |
| Japonic | Eurasia, Oceania | 14 |
| Khoe-Kwadi | Africa | 14 |
| Angan | Oceania | 13 |
| Ndu | Oceania | 13 |
| Nubian | Africa | 13 |
| Tor-Orya | Oceania | 13 |
| Chapacuran | South America | 12 |
| Eskimo-Aleut | Eurasia, North America | 12 |
| Gunwinyguan | 12 | |
| Totonacan | North America | 12 |
| Tungusic | Eurasia | 12 |
| Iroquoian | North America | 11 |
| Miwok-Costanoan | North America | 11 |
| Western Daly | 11 | |
| Worrorran | 11 | |
| Geelvink Bay | Oceania | 10 |
| Great Andamanese | Eurasia, Oceania | 10 |
| Heiban | Africa | 10 |
| Ijoid | Africa | 10 |
| Maban | Africa | 10 |
| Nyulnyulan | 10 | |
| Saharan | Africa | 10 |
| Songhay | Africa | 10 |
| Surmic | Africa | 10 |
| Chocoan | South America | 9 |
| Cochimi-Yuman | North America | 9 |
| Dagan | Oceania | 9 |
| Sko | Oceania | 9 |
| South Bougainville | Oceania | 9 |
| Kiowa-Tanoan | North America | 8 |
| Kwerbic | Oceania | 8 |
| Mailuan | Oceania | 8 |
| Narrow Talodi | Africa | 8 |
| Tuu | Africa | 8 |
| Bosavi | Oceania | 7 |
| Daju | Africa | 7 |
| Huitotoan | South America | 7 |
| Inland Gulf | Oceania | 7 |
| Koiarian | Oceania | 7 |
| Matacoan | South America | 7 |
| Muskogean | North America | 7 |
| Pomoan | North America | 7 |
| Tacanan | South America | 7 |
| Arawan | South America | 6 |
| Baining | Oceania | 6 |
| Barbacoan | South America | 6 |
| Chumashan | North America | 6 |
| East Strickland | Oceania | 6 |
| Goilalan | Oceania | 6 |
| Kadugli-Krongo | Africa | 6 |
| Kartvelian | Eurasia | 6 |
| Kiwaian | Oceania | 6 |
| Kxa | Africa | 6 |
| Left May | Oceania | 6 |
| Marind | Oceania | 6 |
| Nambiquaran | South America | 6 |
| South Bird's Head Family | Oceania | 6 |
| Wakashan | North America | 6 |
| Yeniseian | Eurasia | 6 |
| Zaparoan | South America | 6 |
| Abkhaz-Adyge | Eurasia | 5 |
| Caddoan | North America | 5 |
| Chukotko-Kamchatkan | Eurasia | 5 |
| Guahibo | South America | 5 |
| Guaicuruan | South America | 5 |
| Llingua-Mascoy | South America | 5 |
| Mirndi | 5 | |
| Misumalpan | North America | 5 |
| Nimboran | Oceania | 5 |
| Nuclear Eleman | Oceania | 5 |
| Pauwasi | Oceania | 5 |
| Sahaptian | North America | 5 |
| South Omotic | Africa | 5 |
| Tirio | Oceania | 5 |
| West Bird's Head | Oceania | 5 |
| Xincan | North America | 5 |
| Yanomam | South America | 5 |
| Yareban | Oceania | 5 |
| Yuat | Oceania | 5 |
| Chinookan | North America | 4 |
| Chonan | South America | 4 |
| Eastern Jebel | Africa | 4 |
| Eastern Trans-Fly | Oceania | 4 |
| Huavean | North America | 4 |
| Iwaidjan Proper | 4 | |
| Jivaroan | South America | 4 |
| Kamakanan | South America | 4 |
| Koman | Africa | 4 |
| Maiduan | North America | 4 |
| Mangarrayi-Maran | 4 | |
| Maningrida | 4 | |
| Mao | Africa | 4 |
| Nadahup | South America | 4 |
| North Bougainville | Oceania | 4 |
| Sentani | Oceania | 4 |
| Suki-Gogodala | Oceania | 4 |
| Tama | Africa | 4 |
| Tangkic | 4 | |
| Turama-Kikori | Oceania | 4 |
| Walio | Oceania | 4 |
| Yokutsan | North America | 4 |
| Yukaghir | Eurasia | 4 |
| Arafundi | Oceania | 3 |
| Aymara | South America | 3 |
| Bororoan | South America | 3 |
| Cahuapanan | South America | 3 |
| Charruan | South America | 3 |
| Dizoid | Africa | 3 |
| East Bird's Head | Oceania | 3 |
| Giimbiyu | 3 | |
| Jarrakan | 3 | |
| Kalapuyan | North America | 3 |
| Africa | 3 | |
| Kawesqar | South America | 3 |
| Kayagar | Oceania | 3 |
| Kolopom | Oceania | 3 |
| Kuliak | Africa | 3 |
| Kwalean | Oceania | 3 |
| Mairasi | Oceania | 3 |
| Mongol-Langam | Oceania | 3 |
| Peba-Yagua | South America | 3 |
| Puri | South America | 3 |
| Saliban | South America | 3 |
| Shastan | North America | 3 |
| Tsimshian | North America | 3 |
| West Bomberai | Oceania | 3 |
| Yangmanic | 3 | |
| Zamucoan | South America | 3 |
| Amto-Musan | Oceania | 2 |
| Araucanian | South America | 2 |
| Awin-Pa | Oceania | 2 |
| Baibai-Fas | Oceania | 2 |
| Bayono-Awbono | Oceania | 2 |
| Boran | South America | 2 |
| Bulaka River | Oceania | 2 |
| Bunaban | 2 | |
| Chimakuan | North America | 2 |
| Coosan | North America | 2 |
| Doso-Turumsa | Oceania | 2 |
| Eastern Daly | 2 | |
| East Kutubu | Oceania | 2 |
| Etruscu-Rhaetian | Eurasia | 2 |
| Furan | Africa | 2 |
| Garrwan | 2 | |
| Haida | North America | 2 |
| Harakmbut | South America | 2 |
| Hatam-Mansim | Oceania | 2 |
| Hibito-Cholon | South America | 2 |
| Huarpean | South America | 2 |
| Hurro-Urartian | Eurasia | 2 |
| Inanwatan | Oceania | 2 |
| Jarawa-Onge | Eurasia | 2 |
| Jicaquean | North America | 2 |
| Kakua-Nukak | South America | 2 |
| Kariri | South America | 2 |
| Katukinan | South America | 2 |
| Kaure-Narau | Oceania | 2 |
| Keresan | North America | 2 |
| Konda-Yahadian | Oceania | 2 |
| Koreanic | Eurasia | 2 |
| Africa | 2 | |
| Kwomtari | Oceania | 2 |
| Lencan | North America | 2 |
| Lepki-Murkim | Oceania | 2 |
| Limilngan | 2 | |
| Manubaran | Oceania | 2 |
| Marrku-Wurrugu | 2 | |
| Mombum | Oceania | 2 |
| Monumbo | Oceania | 2 |
| Namla-Tofanma | Oceania | 2 |
| North-Eastern Tasmanian | 2 | |
| Northern Daly | 2 | |
| Nyimang | Africa | 2 |
| Pahoturi | Oceania | 2 |
| Palaihnihan | North America | 2 |
| Piawi | Oceania | 2 |
| Rashad | Africa | 2 |
| Senagi | Oceania | 2 |
| Somahai | Oceania | 2 |
| South-Eastern Tasmanian | 2 | |
| Southern Daly | 2 | |
| Tarascan | North America | 2 |
| Taulil-Butam | Oceania | 2 |
| Teberan | Oceania | 2 |
| Temein | Africa | 2 |
| Tequistlatecan | North America | 2 |
| Ticuna-Yuri | South America | 2 |
| Uru-Chipaya | South America | 2 |
| Western Tasmanian | 2 | |
| Wintuan | North America | 2 |
| Yawa | Oceania | 2 |
| Yuki-Wappo | North America | 2 |
| Abinomn | Oceania | 1 |
| Abun | Oceania | 1 |
| Adai | North America | 1 |
| Aewa | South America | 1 |
| Aikanã | South America | 1 |
| Ainu (Japan) | Eurasia | 1 |
| Alsea | North America | 1 |
| Andaqui | South America | 1 |
| Andoque | South America | 1 |
| Anem | Oceania | 1 |
| Ap Ma | Oceania | 1 |
| Arutani | South America | 1 |
| Atacame | South America | 1 |
| Atakapa | North America | 1 |
| Banaro | Oceania | 1 |
| Bangime | Africa | 1 |
| Basque | Eurasia | 1 |
| Beothuk | North America | 1 |
| Berta | Africa | 1 |
| Betoi | South America | 1 |
| Bilua | Oceania | 1 |
| Birri | Africa | 1 |
| Bogaya | Oceania | 1 |
| Burmeso | Oceania | 1 |
| Burushaski | Eurasia | 1 |
| Camsá | South America | 1 |
| Candoshi-Shapra | South America | 1 |
| Canichana | South America | 1 |
| Cayubaba | South America | 1 |
| Cayuse | North America | 1 |
| Chimariko | North America | 1 |
| Chiquitano | South America | 1 |
| Chitimacha | North America | 1 |
| Chono | South America | 1 |
| Coahuilteco | North America | 1 |
| Cofán | South America | 1 |
| Comecrudo | North America | 1 |
| Cotoname | North America | 1 |
| Cuitlatec | North America | 1 |
| Culli | South America | 1 |
| Damal | Oceania | 1 |
| Dem | Oceania | 1 |
| Dibiyaso | Oceania | 1 |
| Oceania | 1 | |
| Elamite | Eurasia | 1 |
| Elseng | Oceania | 1 |
| Esselen | North America | 1 |
| Fasu | Oceania | 1 |
| Fulniô | South America | 1 |
| Gagadu | 1 | |
| Guachi | South America | 1 |
| Guaicurian | North America | 1 |
| Guamo | South America | 1 |
| Guató | South America | 1 |
| Gule | Africa | 1 |
| Gumuz | Africa | 1 |
| Guriaso | Oceania | 1 |
| Hadza | Africa | 1 |
| Hattic | Eurasia | 1 |
| Hruso | Eurasia | 1 |
| Iberian | Eurasia | 1 |
| Irántxe | South America | 1 |
| Itonama | South America | 1 |
| Jalaa | Africa | 1 |
| Jirajaran | South America | 1 |
| Kaki Ae | Oceania | 1 |
| Kamula | Oceania | 1 |
| Kanoê | South America | 1 |
| Kapori | Oceania | 1 |
| Karankawa | North America | 1 |
| Karok | North America | 1 |
| Kehu | Oceania | 1 |
| Kembra | Oceania | 1 |
| Kenaboi | Eurasia | 1 |
| Kibiri | Oceania | 1 |
| Kimki | Oceania | 1 |
| Klamath-Modoc | North America | 1 |
| Kol (Papua New Guinea) | Oceania | 1 |
| Kosadle | Oceania | 1 |
| Kujarge | Africa | 1 |
| Kunama | Africa | 1 |
| Kungarakany | 1 | |
| Kunza | South America | 1 |
| Kuot | Oceania | 1 |
| Kusunda | Eurasia | 1 |
| Kutenai | North America | 1 |
| Kwaza | South America | 1 |
| Laal | Africa | 1 |
| Lafofa | Africa | 1 |
| Laragia | 1 | |
| Lavukaleve | Oceania | 1 |
| Leco | South America | 1 |
| Lule | South America | 1 |
| Máku | South America | 1 |
| Maratino | North America | 1 |
| Massep | Oceania | 1 |
| Matanawí | South America | 1 |
| Mato Grosso
Arára |South America |
1 | |
| Mawes | Oceania | 1 |
| Maybrat | Oceania | 1 |
| Meroitic | Africa | 1 |
| Mimi-Gaudefroy | Africa | 1 |
| Minkin | 1 | |
| Mochica | South America | 1 |
| Molale | North America | 1 |
| Molof | Oceania | 1 |
| Mor (Bomberai Peninsula) | Oceania | 1 |
| Morori | Oceania | 1 |
| Mosetén-Chimané | South America | 1 |
| Movima | South America | 1 |
| Mpur | Oceania | 1 |
| Muniche | South America | 1 |
| South
America |
1 | |
| Nara | Africa | 1 |
| Natchez | North America | 1 |
| Nihali | Eurasia | 1 |
| Nivkh | Eurasia | 1 |
| Odiai | Oceania | 1 |
| Omurano | South America | 1 |
| Ongota | Africa | 1 |
| Oti | South America | 1 |
| Otomaco | South America | 1 |
| Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport | 1 | |
| Páez | South America | 1 |
| Pankararú | South America | 1 |
| Papi | Oceania | 1 |
| Pawaia | Oceania | 1 |
| Payagua | South America | 1 |
| Oceania | 1 | |
| Pirahã | South America | 1 |
| Puelche | South America | 1 |
| Puinave | South America | 1 |
| Pumé | South America | 1 |
| Puquina | South America | 1 |
| Purari | Oceania | 1 |
| Pyu | Oceania | 1 |
| Ramanos | South America | 1 |
| Salinan | North America | 1 |
| Sandawe | Africa | 1 |
| Sapé | South America | 1 |
| Sause | Oceania | 1 |
| Savosavo | Oceania | 1 |
| Sechuran | South America | 1 |
| Seri | North America | 1 |
| Shabo | Africa | 1 |
| Shom Peng | Eurasia | 1 |
| Siuslaw | North America | 1 |
| Suarmin | Oceania | 1 |
| Sulka | Oceania | 1 |
| Sumerian | Eurasia | 1 |
| Tabo | Oceania | 1 |
| Taiap | Oceania | 1 |
| Takelma | North America | 1 |
| Tallán | South America | 1 |
| Tambora | Oceania | 1 |
| Tanahmerah | Oceania | 1 |
| Taruma | South America | 1 |
| Taushiro | South America | 1 |
| Timote-Cuica | South America | 1 |
| Timucua | North America | 1 |
| Tinigua | South America | 1 |
| Tiwi | 1 | |
| Tonkawa | North America | 1 |
| Touo | Oceania | 1 |
| Trumai | South America | 1 |
| Tunica | North America | 1 |
| Tuxá | South America | 1 |
| Umbugarla | 1 | |
| Urarina | South America | 1 |
| Usku | Oceania | 1 |
| Vilela | South America | 1 |
| Wadjiginy | 1 | |
| Wageman | 1 | |
| Waorani | South America | 1 |
| Warao | South America | 1 |
| Washo | North America | 1 |
| Wiru | Oceania | 1 |
| Xukurú | South America | 1 |
| Yale | Oceania | 1 |
| Yámana | South America | 1 |
| Yana | North America | 1 |
| Yele | Oceania | 1 |
| Yerakai | Oceania | 1 |
| Yetfa | Oceania | 1 |
| Yuchi | North America | 1 |
| Yuracaré | South America | 1 |
| Yurumanguí | South America | 1 |
| Yuwana | South America | 1 |
| Zuni | North America | 1 |
| LSFic | (sign) | 32 |
| ASLic | (sign) | 20 |
| BSLic | (sign) | 10 |
| Arab Sign | 6 | |
| Russian Sign | 6 | |
| CSLic | (sign) | 5 |
| DGSic | (sign) | 4 |
| JSLic | (sign) | 3 |
| Old Chiangmai-Bangkok-Haiphong Sign | 3 | |
| Spanish Sign Language | 3 | |
| Paraguay-Uruguái Sign | 2 | |
| Providencia-Cayman Sign | 2 | |
| Afghan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Albanian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Argentine Sign Language | 1 | |
| Armenian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bamako Sign Language | 1 | |
| Brazilian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Burkina Fasu Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ecuadorian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Estonian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Guatemalan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ḥausa Sign Language | 1 | |
| Indian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Kenyan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Lyons Sign Language | 1 | |
| Maltese Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mauritian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mofu-Gudur Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mozambican Sign Language | 1 | |
| Nepalese Sign Language | 1 | |
| Pakistan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Penang Sign Language | 1 | |
| Persian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Rennellese Sign Language | 1 | |
| Salvadoran Sign Language | 1 | |
| Saudi Arabian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Sri Lankan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Tanzanian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Tijuana Sign Language | 1 | |
| Turkish Sign Language | 1 | |
| Venezuelan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Yoruba Sign Language | 1 | |
| Zambian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Zimbabwe Sign Language | 1 | |
| Adamorobe Sign Language | 1 | |
| Alipur Sign Language | 1 | |
| Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ban Khor Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bengkala Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bribri Sign Language | 1 | |
| Brunca Sign Language | 1 | |
| Bura Sign Language | 1 | |
| Chatino Sign Language | 1 | |
| Enga Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ghandruk Sign Language | 1 | |
| Ghardaia Sign Language | 1 | |
| Guinea-Bissau Sign Language | 1 | |
| Inuit Sign Language | 1 | |
| Jamaican Country Sign Language | 1 | |
| Jhankot Sign Language | 1 | |
| Jumla Sign Language | 1 | |
| Kajana Sign Language | 1 | |
| Keresan Pueblu Indian Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mardin Sign Language | 1 | |
| Martha's Vineyard Sign Language | 1 | |
| Mbour Sign Language | 1 | |
| Nanabin Sign Language | 1 | |
| Nicaraguan Sign Language | 1 | |
| Old Kentish Sign Language | 1 | |
| Orixinal Costa Rican Sign Language | 1 | |
| Tebul Sign Language | 1 | |
| Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language | 1 | |
| Yolngu Sign Language | 1 | |
| Yucatec Maya Sign Language | 1 |
Les llingües criollas clasifíquense xuntu col idioma que-yos brindó'l so léxicu básicu.
Amás de les llingües clasificaes en families, Glottolog reconoz 79 pidgins (incluyendo una llingua de señes pidgin), 24 llingües mistes, 8 llingües artificiales, 9 rexistros de discursu (incluyendo 3 sistemes de señes auxiliares), 118 atestiguaes pero non clasificaes llingües (incluyendo 2 llingües de señes), 61 llingües ensin atestiguar, y 270 llingües espurio (como artículos ISO retiraos, ya incluyendo 3 llingües de señes) calteníes por propósitos bibliográficos.
Referencies[editar | editar la fonte]
- ↑ See for example the Plantía:Glottolink section for ISO languages that Glottolog has deemed to be spurious distinctions.
This discrimination does not apply to dialects, many of which have been inherited from MultiTree or other sources without verification. - ↑ Geographic regions include "Papunesia" (a portmanteau of Papua (New Guinea) and Austronesia), which refers to the islands of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania.
Enllaces esternos[editar | editar la fonte]
